Cold Fusion Part-2

THE PROCESS BEHIND COLD FUSION

There is no fully developed model for cold fusion yet. The hypothesis behind the phenomenon is however very simple: All particles behave according to quantum mechanical laws. These laws say that the coordinates and energy state of a particle at one point in time determine the probability of finding a particle at a place with some given coordinates at another point of time, but the exact place cannot be predicted. Actually, a particle can be found anywhere at that other time point, but all places do not have the same probability. Some places are very probable, and others are very improbable. Because of this, even a particle that is not in any net motion nevertheless will shift place randomly to some extend, usually very little, but sometimes more.
By bringing particles and nuclei very near each other by using some force, this will happen: The quantum mechanical behavior will as always make the particles shift their position more or less all the time, and sometimes they get near enough to let the strong nuclear forces to take action and make them fuse.

According to standard understanding of the standard theory, this cannot happen in such a degree to be detected. Still it does. Either the standard theory is not complete, or one has not learned to use the theory in a right fashion. The mathematical apparatus of the theory is so complicated, that it is impossible to predict what can happen and what cannot happen with a short glance at the equations. Cold fusion differs in many aspects from warm fusion. It is difficult to produce warm fusion of other things than one deuterium and one tritium kernel. By cold fusion, two deuterium kernels easily fuse to helium, and even fusion involving hydrogen kernels (free protons) have been reported. Output of neutrons (n), tritium (T), protons (p) and gamma radiation has been reported by cold fusion, but not in the amount predicted by standard understanding. These are the reactions that standard understanding predicts when two deuterium kernels fuse: D + D --> 3He + n, D + D --> T + p, D + D --> 4He + gamma photon.

Cold Fusion Part-1

In 1989 the chemistry professors Stanley Pons and Martin Fleishman reported that they had achieved cold fusion in a palladium anode emerged in a solution of sodium deuteroxide in heavy water D2O. Due to a bad exactness of their report, only few other scientists managed to replicate their findings in the first place. The findings were then dismissed as due to misunderstandings and bad scientific practice, and the matter of cold fusion has since been regarded as a taboo area. However, some scientists did manage to replicate the findings, and quietly an enormous amount of positive research findings based on experiments of a lot better quality have been published. The phenomenon is again becoming accepted as a legitimate field of research by steadily more scientists. However, what is really going on is not well understood. Heat production, detected radiation and detected fusion products suggest that some kind of nuclear reaction or fusion takes place, but the reactions do not show the amount of radiation and the ratios of products that known hot fusion reactions do. Therefore other names of the phenomenon are often used, like Low Energy Nuclear Reactions or (LENR) or Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANR).

WHAT IS FUSION

By fusion two or more atomic nuclei, protons or neutrons fuse together to form a new atomic nucleus. The new nucleus is held together by the strong forces between the heavy particles, protons and neutrons. These forces are so strong that they win over the repulsing electromagnetic forces between protons. However, the strong forces only work at a short distance. Therefore the nucleons (neutrons and protons) must be brought very close together. This is difficult because of the repulsing electromagnetic forces between the protons. In traditional fusion this is achieved by very high pressure and temperature in the fusing material.

The mass of a helium nucleus (consisting of two protons and two neutrons) and other light nuclei are less than the mass of the same number of free protons, neutrons or deuterium nuclei. A deuterium nucleus consists of one proton and one neutron. Heavy water contains deuterium instead of ordinary hydrogen and is therefore designed D2O. When fusion takes place, this mass difference cannot be lost. It is converted to kinetic energy and gamma radiation. Therefore fusion of protons, neutrons or kernels of the very lightest elements into heavier elements is a very potent energy source. One has not been able to make a controlled fusion by high temperature and pressure that yields more energy than the input energy yet. The only practical way one has managed to exploit the energy from warm fusion is the hydrogen bomb.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth does not describe a dental condition in which a patient has blue teeth. The term “Bluetooth” signifies a special new technology, a technology of the 21st Century. The devices with Bluetooth technology allow the user of such devices to conduct 2-way transmissions over short distances. Usually the distance between the communicating Bluetooth devices runs no more than 150 feet. . The individual who has access to two or more devices with Bluetooth technology has the ability to carryout such short-range communications.

One big advantage to having access to some of the devices with the Bluetooth technology is the opportunity one gains to conduct a “conversation” between mobile and stationary technological items. The Bluetooth car kit underlines the plus side of having access to the Bluetooth technology. The Bluetooth car kit sets the stage for a “conversation” between a mobile and a stationary electrical gadget. For example, the Bluetooth car kit permits a cell phone in the garage to communicate with a home computer. Thanks to Bluetooth, a car driver with a cell phone could sit inside a car and send a message to a home computer. By the same token, Bluetooth technology could allow a car to send a message to a personal computer. Such a message could inform a car owner that the motor vehicle sitting in the garage needed an oil change, rotation of the tires or some other routine procedure.

Ethernet

Ethernet is the single most widely used form of the local area network currently in existence. The original design for Ethernet was created by Xerox, and was based on an earlier design that was known as Alohanet. After the initial creation and success of Ethernet, the product went through further enhancement under the auspices of Xerox, Intel, and DEC. Ethernet usually makes use of twisted pair wires or coaxial cable in the basic design of a wired local area network. However, the same general principle applies to wireless Ethernet as well. Various devices are connected to the cable or wires and achieve connectivity to Ethernet through Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection. In general, Ethernet systems are referred to as 10BASE-T and are capable of producing speeds of up to 10 Mbps.

Along with the standard 10BASE-T, there is also today what is known as Fast Ethernet. Properly designated as 100BASE-T, this form of Ethernet is capable of producing transmission speeds that are up to one hundred megabits per second. Generally, Fast Ethernet is used as a backbone for the LAN system, with the 10BASE-T cards used for the workstations that are supported by the LAN. Gigabit Ethernet takes the process one step further. This form of Ethernet will provide up to one thousand megabits per second and is an excellent option for large networks that require a great deal of support to manage local and remote work stations.10-Gigabit Ethernet provides the greatest power currently available. This type of Ethernet offers up to ten billion bits per second, making it the fastest version currently available.

High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)

HDMI, or high definition multimedia interface, is a type of audio and video interface that is used for the transmission of uncompressed digital streams. Essentially, HDMI can be considered an alternative method to transmitting data streams, rather than making use of conventional methods such as coaxial cabling, VGA, or component video equipment. Quite a number of devices and sources on the market today will work with the use of HDMI. The Blu-Ray disc player, a relatively new innovation, was created with the use of HDMI specifically in mind. Most personal computers that are sold today are ready for use with HDMI, as are the majority of video game consoles in the stores currently. A set-top box also is usually compatible with HDMI, as are such entertainment options as digital television. Essentially, any type of computer interface today will function with the use of HDMI.

HDMI will work with a single cable connection to such devices as televisions or personal computers. In general, HDMI will function fine with any television or PC that is standard, enhanced, or high definition in the video component. However, it is important to note that HDMI does work independently of many of the DTV standards, although use of HDMI will not impact the quality of the digital transmission. Generally, these standards apply to some configurations of MPEG movie clips and files. Since these are compressed, HDMI will simply decompress the data and make it possible to view the clip.

No. There is a range of specifications that are employed by HDMI, and a given device will be manufactured to comply with one of those specifications. The most simplistic specification is identified as 1.0. With each succeeding version, the capabilities of the previous version remain intact, but are joined by other capabilities that will allow the version to function with a given device. Because technology is always advancing, HDMI continues to advance as well. However, older versions remain active, as they are often used with devices that require less functionality, and they also continue to be helpful in situations where older systems are still running and are in operation. HDMI was created and has been enhanced by the efforts of several prominent names in the computer and electronics industry. Consumers will recognize the names of Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Silicon Image as just part of the roster of corporations involved in the ongoing enhancement of HDMI.

Broadband Television

What do you like watching on television? Whether you prefer talent shows, reality TV, movies or sports, you can find a channel for everything nowadays. Although the age-old concept of watching the TV as a family may have changed over the years, many of us remain glued to our sets as we catch up on soap operas and award-winning documentaries. And now more of us are making use of our broadband connections in order to watch television. With the rise of video-sharing websites such as YouTube and the introduction of applications that will allow you to watch programs from a certain channel, we now have a greater degree of choice in both what we watch and when we watch it.

Internet television has seen huge advances and growing popularity since it was launched, and now more television stations around the world are making use of the trend, combined with the growing popularity of cheap broadband in order to capture viewers. And with more of us making use of the internet in our everyday lives, we have been given the chance to escape the sofa and watch programmes we’ve missed without the use of expensive set-top boxes. With a wide range of subjects available for viewing, from sporting events to political debates, it has never been easier to access up-to-date information and programmes at times that suit us, all from the comfort of our laptops.

And as technology becomes more advanced, both online and offline, internet television continues to develop, with some services offering features such as user interaction whilst viewing programs – without covering up the screen with annoying pop-ups and disrupting the viewing experience. So now, as well as viewing high-quality videos on a full screen, viewers can now not only search for biographies on actors, information on places seen on screen, but also jump to certain parts of scenes by using keywords. In order to make the most of such services, it is advisable to make sure your connection is up-to-speed through use of a broadband speed test. As technology develops, more of us are making use of affordable computers and laptops, cheaper broadband and a wide range of online services. And as more of us turn to watching television online, could this perhaps be a turning point for ‘couch potatoes’?

Mobile Satellite Internet

When we travel, whether for work or pleasure, no matter how much we think we want to unplug and disconnect - we can't. Whether it’s the GPS navigation system in our rental cars, the burning desire to see the score of a sports game, itch to tune into to the news, check the latest snapshot of the stock market or simply check email, we are a connected force in an almost connected world. Mobile satellite internet services are ideal in locations where terrestrial Internet access is not available either because of limited infrastructure or as a result of a natural or man made disaster. It used to be that mobile satellite internet access was used primarily by vessels at sea and mobile land vehicles used for emergency responders and disaster relief, but as with most technology, what begins as a necessity for some becomes a desired luxury for all. Many commercial satellite providers are banking on this and developing even greater solutions to keeping people connected regardless of locale or environment.

It was only a few short years ago when motorists thought GPS navigation systems were too expensive and unnecessary expenses…now most new cars offer these as standard features. Families and business travelers can receive local news, live traffic updates, weather, sports, and other programs. The next move will be to standardizing mobile satellite internet into vehicles as well. Many SUV's already can be easily equipped with a satellite antenna which brings the internet on the road without the need for local wi-fi hot spots or receivers. More importantly than benefiting from the luxury of having everything at our fingertips, mobile satellite internet is imperative for businesses and organizations with remote and field offices. With a quickly growing mobile workforce, business satellite internet reduces the downtime or lag time caused by limited or delayed on-the-road communications. As cell phones and pdas become more equipped with more advanced mobile technologies, we are well on the way for mobile satellite internet becoming an everyday standard.